1896: X-Ray's Discovered
German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen's discovery of a new form of radiation, later dubbed by Röntgen as 'X' for unknown, is published in an Austrian newspaper. One of his first experiments is a film of his wife Bertha's hand with a ring on her finger, seen here.

 

Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde

1886 "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" by Robert Louis Stevenson published by Longmans, Green & Co.


Title page of the first London edition (1886)

Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is an 1886 Gothic horror novella by British author Robert Louis Stevenson. It follows Gabriel John Utterson, a London-based legal practitioner who investigates a series of strange occurrences between his old friend, Dr Henry Jekyll, and a murderous criminal named Edward Hyde.

Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is one of the most famous pieces of English literature and is considered to be a defining book of the gothic horror genre. The novella has also had a sizeable impact on popular culture, with the phrase "Jekyll and Hyde" being used in vernacular to refer to people with an outwardly good but sometimes shockingly evil nature.

Inspiration may also have come from the writer's friendship with an Edinburgh-based French teacher, Eugene Chantrelle, who was convicted and executed for the murder of his wife in May 1878. Chantrelle, who had appeared to lead a normal life in the city, poisoned his wife with opium. According to author Jeremy Hodges, Stevenson was present throughout the trial and as "the evidence unfolded he found himself, like Dr Jekyll, 'aghast before the acts of Edward Hyde'." Moreover, it was believed that the teacher had committed other murders both in France and Britain by poisoning his victims at supper parties with a "favorite dish of toasted cheese and opium"

 

5 Jan 1945

In fear of being cutoff from Germany proper by Allied forces pushing into the salient from both the north and south, a German attack on Bastogne, Belgium was called off.

 

January 6

1066 - Following the death of Edward the Confessor on the previous day; the Witan( the king's counsel) meets to confirm Harold Godwinson as the new King of England and crowned the same day. This sparked a succession crisis that eventually led to the Norman conquest of England.


The Witan Edward the Confessor William the Conqueror


Harold Godwinson

Harold Godwinson (c. 1022 - October 14, 1066), also called Harold II was the last crowned Anglo-Saxon English king. He ruled until his death at the Battle of Hastings, the decisive battle of the Norman Conquest. He was succeeded by William the Conqueror.

The Battle of Hastings began in the morning of October 14, 1066 and lasted all day, but while the broad outlines are known, the exact events are obscured. While William had both cavalry and infantry including many archers, Harold had only foot soldiers. The English formed a shield wall along the ridge and were at first so effective that William's army was thrown back with heavy casualtiesSome of William's Breton troops panicked and fled and some of the English troops pursued them. Norman cavalry then attacked and killed the pursuing troops. Twice more the Normans made feigned withdrawals tempting the English into pursuit allowing the Normans to attack. The Normans came out victorious but the rest is cloudy.

1492 - The Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella enter Granada at the conclusion of the Grenada War.




The Granada War was a series of military campaigns between 1482 and 1492 during the reign of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon against the Nasrid dynasty's Emirate of Granada. It ended with the defeat of Granada and its annexation by Castile. This ended the last remnant of Islamic rule on the Iberian peninsula.

The ten year war was not a continuous effort but a series of seasonal campaigns launched in the spring and broken off in the winter. The Granadans were crippled by internal conflict and civil war, while the Christians were pretty well unified. They also had an effective artillery that rapidly conquered towns that would have required long sieges. On January 2, 1492 Muhammad XII of Granada and on January 6th the King and Queen visited.

The aftermath of the war brought an end to the coexistence between religions in the Iberian peninsula. Jews were forced to convert to Christianity or be exiled. The Muslims were obliged to convert or become slaves or be exiled.

1929- Mother Teresa arrives by sea in Calcutta, India to begin her work among India's poorest and sick people.



Born: August 26, 1910 - Kosovo, Ottoman Empire
Passed: September 5, 1997 - age 87 - Calcutta, West Bengal, India

Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu was an Albanian-Indian Catholic nun, founder of the Missionaries of Charity and is a Catholic saint, At the age of 18 she moved to Ireland to join the Sisters of Lareto and later to India. On September 4, 2016 she was canonized by the Catholic Church as Saint Teresa of Calcutta. The anniversary of her death, September is observed as her feast day.

Her Mission of Charity was initially dedicated to serving "the poorest of the poor" in the slums of Calcutta. Over time the congregation grew to operate in 133 countries with more than 4,500 nuns managing homes for those dying of HIV/AIDS, leprosy, and tuberculosis. They also run soup kitchens, dispensaries, mobile clinics, orphanages and schools, Members of the order take a vow of chastity, poverty and obedience. They profess a fourth vow: "To give wholehearted free service to the poorest of the poor."

1912 - Danny Thomas was born.



Born: January 6, 1912- Deerfield, Michigan, real name Armos Muzyed Yaqoob Kairouz.
Passed: February 6, 1991 - age
Profession: Actor, comedian, TV host and philanthropist



He created and starred in Make Room for Daddy(The Danny Thomas Show). In addition to guest roles on many of the comedy, talk and musical variety shows of his time, his legacy includes a lifelong dedication to fundraising for charity. Most notably, he was the founder of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee. It is a leading pediatrics center with a focus on pediatric cancer.
Regardless of the child's race, ethnicity, beliefs or the family's ability to pay it is free.

Motto: No child should die in the dawn of life"

 

January 6 is a date with a rich history, from Morse's introduction of the telegraph in 1838, to the passing of President Theodore Roosevelt in 1919, to the premier of Wheel of Fortune in 1975, to the Tanya Harding-engineered attack on skating rival Nancy Kerrigan in 1994, but as is my habit, I want to look at a music legend.

January 6, 1993 commemorates the sad day when we lost one of the most legendary figures in all of jazz history when trumpeter, composer, and bandleader Dizzy Gillespie passed away at the age of 75, in Englewood, New Jersey, of pancreatic cancer.

Diz basically co-created the post war bebop movement along with one of my idols, Charlie 'Bird' Parker, with whom he often collaborated, and the pair created many memorable recordings together.

Gillespie was known for his lofty, fluid improvisational style (much like Bird), his puffed-out cheeks while playing, and the bent-upwards horn of his trumpets - which resulted from an accident, but Diz liked the tone it gave his horn.

Truly a giant among the giants of jazz.



'Bird & Diz'


Diz and his classic quintet in 1966:




Continue to Rest in Peace, John Birks 'Dizzy' Gillespie.

 

1838: The telegraph makes its debut
The telecommunications revolution begins as Samuel Morse taps out a coded message that travels over two miles of wire near Morristown, New Jersey.

 

First Montessori School
1907 Maria Montessori opens her 1st Montessori school, in Rome


Maria Montessori

In 1906, Dr. Maria Montessori, an Italian educator, physician, and scientist, who had just judged an international competition on the subjects of scientific pedagogy and experimental psychology, was invited to create a childcare center in San Lorenzo, a poor, inner-city district of Rome. There, she would be working with some of the area’s most disadvantaged, and previously unschooled, children.

She opened the doors on January 6, 1907, calling the center the Casa dei Bambini—Italian for “Children’s House.” Dr. Montessori was determined to make the Casa a quality educational environment for these youngsters, whom many had thought were unable to learn—and she did.

While the children were unruly at first, they soon showed great interest in working with puzzles, learning to prepare meals and clean their environment, and engaging in hands-on learning experiences. Dr. Montessori observed that before long, the children exhibited calm, peaceful behavior, periods of deep concentration, and a sense of order in caring for their environment. She saw that the children absorbed knowledge from their surroundings, essentially teaching themselves.

Utilizing scientific observation and experience gained from her earlier work with young children, Dr. Montessori designed unique learning materials for them, many of which are still in use in Montessori classrooms today, and created a classroom environment that fostered the children’s natural desire to learn.

News of the school’s success soon spread through Italy. On April 7, 1907, Dr. Montessori opened a second Casa dei Bambini, also in San Lorenzo. And on October 18, 1907, in Milan, she opened a third Casa.

 

6 Jan 1951

Matthew Ridgway requested the US Joint Chiefs of Staff for a clarification on whether he should prepare his forces for an evacuation of Korea or for an escalation of the Korean War.

 

January 7

49 B.C. - The Senate of Rome that Caesar would be declared a public enemy unless he disbanded his army, prompting the tribunes who supported him to flee to where Caesar was waiting in Ravena.





Ravena was where Caesar gathered his forces before crossing the Rubicon. The city was surrounded by swamps that was easy to defend. Caesar used it to gather his forces and cross the Rubicon to attack Gual. This began a civil war that would end the Roman Republic and then began the Roman Empire.

Caesar defeated his opponents, including Pompey, and established himself as the dominant figure in Rome.
The civil war resulted in Caesar becoming dictator for life.
His victory and rise to power demonstrate the success of his bold move.

1608 - Fire destroys Jamestown, Virginia.




A devastating fire ravaged Jamestown, the first permanent settlement in North America. All but three dwellings survived, the church even burned. It also destroyed most of their supplies leaving them vulnerable to the harsh winter conditions. The destruction forced the colonists to heavily rely on Indian tribes, particularly the Pawhatan, for food and resources. This further emphasized the precarious relations. The fire exposed the vulnerability on external supplies and it highlighted the colonists' lack of preparedness and the challenges of establishing a permanent settlement in a new land.

After the fire the colonists worked to rebuild their settlement, facing the challenges of limited resources and the ongoing threat of starvation. The fire also served as a crucial learning experience demonstrating the importance of preparedness, resource management and cooperation in the face of adversity.

1782 - The first American commercial bank, the Bank of America, opened.



The Bank of North America was the first chartered bank in the United States and served as the country's first de facto central bank. It was chartered by the Congress of the Confederation on May 26, 1781 and opened in Philadelphia on January 7, 1782.

The bank was highly recommended by Founding Father Alexander Hamilton who was the first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. Although he believed thebanks contribution to the American Revolution, the Pennsylvania government objected to its privileges and reincorporated it under state law, making it unsuitable as a national bank under the U.S. Constitution. Congress instead chartered the First Bank of the United States, a new bank in 1791 as the Bank of North America continued private banking concerns,

1990 - Lou Brock and Hoyt Wilhelm were elected to the Baseball Hall Of Fame.


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Lou Brock

Born: June 18, 1939 - El Dorado, Arkansas
Passed: September 6, 202- - age 81 - multiple myeloma

Lou Brock began his 19-year Major League Baseball career with the 1961 Chicago Cubs but spent most of his career with the St. Louis Cardinals.



Career highlights :
-6-time All Star(1967,1971, 1972,1974, 1975 and 1979)
-2-time World Series champion - 1964, 1967
-Roberto Clemente Award - 1975
-8-time stolen base leader - 1966-1969, 1971-1974
-St. Louis Cardinals No. 20 - retired




Hoyt Wilhelm

Born: July 26, 1922 - Huntersville, North Carolina
Passed: August 23, 2020 - age 80 - heart failure

Hoyt Wilhelm was known for his exceptional knuckleball pitching skill. He was also a relief pitcher '

Career statistics :
=Eanedr run average - 2.52
-games played- 1,077
-games started - 52
-Innings pitched - 2,254.10
-saves - 228
- strikeouts - 1,610
-walks and hits per innings - 1.40



2020 - Neil Peart, Canadian rock drummer and lyrics for the rock trio Rush died from brain cancer at the age of 67.



Neil Peart was known as "The Professor' by fans, a nickname from the character on "Gilligan's Island'. He was inducted (along with the band) into the Rock & Roll hall of Fame. he was also an author that wrote four books.

 

On January 7, 2015, two French-Algerian brothers who followed al-Qaeda, raided the offices of the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo, and killed 12 people. The attack was a response to the magazine's criticism of Islam and depiction of Muhammad.

This was a stark demonstration of the dangers of European 'homegrown' terror after the EU had thrown their doors open to mass migration from middle easteren countries.

Following a manhunt that lasted two days, the gunmen were tracked to an industrial estate outside of Paris and killed in a gunfight with police.

At roughly the same time, their acquaintance, Amedy Coulibaly, who had pledged allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, took hostages in a kosher supermarket in Paris. He killed four people, all of them Jewish, before he was killed by police.

On December 16, 2020, a Paris court found an additional 14 people guilty of involvement in the January 2015 attacks on Charlie Hebdo magazine, a policewoman and a Jewish supermarket, which left 17 people dead.







France remains the country most affected by Islamist terrorism within Europe, with recent data showcasing a total of 82 Islamist attacks and 332 deaths from 1979 to 2021.

 

Marshall Plan Taxes

1948 US President Harry Truman raises taxes for the Marshall Plan to assist in rebuilding Europe after WWII

The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative enacted in 1948 to provide foreign aid to Western Europe. The United States transferred $13.3 billion (equivalent to $173.8 billion in 2024) in economic recovery programs to Western European economies after the end of World War II. Replacing an earlier proposal for a Morgenthau Plan, it operated for four years beginning on April 3, 1948, though in 1951, the Marshall Plan was largely replaced by the Mutual Security Act. The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-torn regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, improve European prosperity and prevent the spread of communism. The Marshall Plan proposed the reduction of interstate barriers and the economic integration of the European Continent while also encouraging an increase in productivity as well as the adoption of modern business procedures.

The Marshall Plan aid was divided among the participant states roughly on a per capita basis. A larger amount was given to the major industrial powers, as the prevailing opinion was that their resuscitation was essential for the general European revival. Somewhat more aid per capita was also directed toward the Allied nations, with less for those that had been part of the Axis or remained neutral. The largest recipient of Marshall Plan money was the United Kingdom (receiving about 26% of the total). The next highest contributions went to France (18%) and West Germany (11%). Some eighteen European countries received Plan benefits. Although offered participation, the Soviet Union refused Plan benefits and also blocked benefits to Eastern Bloc countries, such as Romania and Poland. The United States provided similar aid programs in Asia, but they were not part of the Marshall Plan.

Its role in rapid recovery has been debated. The Marshall Plan's accounting reflects that aid accounted for about 3% of the combined national income of the recipient countries between 1948 and 1951, which means an increase in GDP growth of less than half a percent.

Graham T. Allison states that "the Marshall Plan has become a favorite analogy for policy-makers. Yet few know much about it." Some new studies highlight not only the role of economic cooperation but approach the Marshall Plan as a case concerning strategic thinking to face some typical challenges in policy, as problem definition, risk analysis, decision support to policy formulation, and program implementation.

In 1947, two years after the end of the war, industrialist Lewis H. Brown wrote, at the request of General Lucius D. Clay, A Report on Germany, which served as a detailed recommendation for the reconstruction of post-war Germany and served as a basis for the Marshall Plan. The initiative was named after United States Secretary of State George C. Marshall. The plan had bipartisan support in Washington, where the Republicans controlled Congress and the Democrats controlled the White House with Harry S. Truman as president. Some businessmen feared the Marshall Plan, unsure whether reconstructing European economies and encouraging foreign competition was in the US' best interests.[10] The plan was largely the creation of State Department officials, especially William L. Clayton and George F. Kennan, with help from the Brookings Institution, as requested by Senator Arthur Vandenberg, chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations.[11] Marshall spoke of an urgent need to help the European recovery in his address at Harvard University in June 1947. The purpose of the Marshall Plan was to aid in the economic recovery of nations after World War II and secure US geopolitical influence over Western Europe. To combat the effects of the Marshall Plan, the USSR developed its own economic recovery program, known as the Molotov Plan. However, the plan was said to have not worked as well due to the USSR particularly having been hit hard by the effects of World War II.

The phrase "equivalent of the Marshall Plan" is often used to describe a proposed large-scale economic rescue program.

 

1953: Truman announces the H-bomb
In his final State of the Union address, President Harry Truman reveals that the US has created the hydrogen bomb, a thermonuclear weapon vastly more powerful than the atomic bombs dropped on Japan.

 

7 Jan 1945

Hitler issued a retreat order in the Ardennes as the Allies had stopped the offensive. With it and the other German offensives in the west now checked and their reserves depleted, Winston Churchill contacted Stalin, requesting that he put additional pressure on the Germans on the eastern front.

Bernard Montgomery held a controversial news conference. While giving much credit for stopping the German Ardennes Offensive to Eisenhower and the American troops that were put under him, he implied that his role was major over that of Ike's subordinate American generals. In addition, he failed to explain why he delayed Ike's order to attack the salient from the north on 1 January. He would later apologize for holding the conference.

 

January 8

1790 - George Washington delivered the first State of the Union Address in New York City.



President George Washington gave his address on this date at Federal Hall in New York City.

Washington covered a range of topics, including defense, foreign policy, economics, education, and immigration. He also emphasized the importance of a strong union, including the term "United States" on the dateline.

Washington's outlined a number of goals, including :
-Providing for the common defense.
-Establishing uniform systems of currency, weight, and measures.
=Promoting education.
-Protecting the southern and western frontiers from hostile Indian tribes.
-Encouraged new and useful inventions from abroad.

Washington's address set a precedent for future presidents and established the annual State of the Union tradition. His remains the shortest State of the Union address containing only 1,089 words.

1815 - War of 1812 : Battle of New Orleans: Andrew Jackson lead American forces in victory over the British.





The battle took place in Chalmette, Louisiana, about five miles east-southeast of New Orleans. The Americans were fortified behind earthen rampart and canal, with support from artillery. The British had advanced across sugar cane fields under intense artillery. General Andrew Jackson led the American forces, the British by Major General Sir Edward Pakenham. The Americans had 71 casualties, the British over 2,000 including the deaths of Pakenham and his second-in-command.

The Americans defeated the British in a short but fierce battle thus preventing the British from capturing New Orleans and more importantly the control of the Mississippi River. The victory became a symbol of American democracy triumphing over European aristocracy and entitlement. Americans celebrated this day as a national holiday for decades.

The Battle of New Orleans took place after the Treaty of Ghent on December 24, 1814 but before news of the peace trary reached the United States.

1828 - The Democratic Party of the United States is organized.



The new Democratic Party became a coalition of poor farmers, city-dwelling laborers, and Irish Catholics. The new party was pulled together by Martin Van Buren in 1828 as Andrew Jackson crusaded on claims of corruption by President John Quincy Adams, a Whig. Thus it came to be known as Jacksonian democracy,

Broadly speaking it was characterized by a democratic spirit :
-It built upon Jackson's political policy of ending the monopoly of government by elites.
-Jackson celebrated the suffrage being extended to most white male adult citizens.
-It promoted the strength of the presidency and executive branch at the expense of Congress.
-It demanded elected, not appointed, judges.
-It believed in geographical expansionism, justifying it in terms of manifest destiny.

Unfortunately, this expansion of democracy was exclusively limited to white men, as well as national voting rights. Also there was little to no improvement, and in many cases a reduction of the rights of non-white citizens.

1966 - British rock bands The Who and The Kinks both perform on the last "Shindig" TV show on ABC.


The Who

-Roger Daltrey - vocals
-John Entwhistle - bass guitar
-Keith Moon - drums
Pete Townshend - guitar




The Kinks

-Ray Davies - vocals, harmonica
-Dave Davies - lead guitar
-Mick Avory - drum
-Pete Quaife - base guitar





1995 - Philidelphia Phillies 12-time All-Star third baseman Mike Schmidt is elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.



Born: September 27, 1949 -Dayton, Ohio

Mike Schmidt played 18 seasons in the MLB, all for the Philidelphia phillis, between 1972 and 1989. He is best known for his combination of power-hitting and strong defense, making him considered one of the greatest third basemen in baseball history. He retired in 1989.

Career stats are :
-10-time Gold Glove Award winner
-6 Silver Slugger Awards
-3 time National League Most Valuable Player - 1980, 1981 and 1986
-1980 World Series MVP
-548 home runs, the most by a player who only played for one team
-National League on-base-percentage leader - 3 times - 1981, 1982 and 1986
- Slugging percentage - 5 times - 1980, 1981, 1982, 1984 and 1986

I am a lifelong New York Yankee fan but Mike Schmidt is probably my favorite in my time.

 

1st State of the Union

1790 First US President George Washington delivers the first State of the Union address



The 1790 State of the Union Address
was the inaugural State of the Union address, delivered by President George Washington to the United States Congress on January 8, 1790, at the Senate Chamber of Federal Hall in New York City.

In this first address, Washington set the example for what would be expected of presidents after him. Even at the time, issues such as his choice of clothing, who stood beside him, and the delivery of his message were discussed. It remains the shortest State of the Union Address, containing only 1,089 words.

 

1946: Elvis gets his first guitar
Gladys Presley takes her 11-year-old son Elvis to the Tupelo Hardware Company in Mississippi, and buys him a 1947 Kay flat top guitar as a birthday present. Elvis will play this guitar during his high school years and his first Sun recording sessions.

 

A smattering of interesting things happened on January 9 across the centuries, from the staging of the first modern circus in 1768, to Apple's introduction of iTunes in 2001, but an event happened that cemented (to me, at least) Queen as one of the most formidable acts in rock history.

On January 9, 1976, Queen hit #1 on the UK singles chart with 'Bohemian Rhapsody'. The single enjoyed a nine week run on the chart selling more than a million copies by the end of the month. It reached #1 again in 1991 for five weeks following Mercury's death, eventually becoming the UK's third best selling single of all time.

It is monumental because the old standard of 2 1/2 to 3 minute singles had been under assault for years, and long singles, like The Doors 'The End' had been released, but failed to catch fire with the buying public, although several did chart well, notably The Beatles' 'Hey Jude' at 7:12.

Bohemian Rhapsody's almost 6 minutes (5:55) was still quite unusual for the time, but it became one of Queen's most notable, signature tunes. It has been said that Queen spent more time in the studio on this one song than The Beatles did on the entirety of the Sgt. Pepper's album.

As always, Continue to Rest in Peace, Farrokh Bulsara, aka Freddie Mercury.



And of course:

 

January 9

1792 - The Treaty of Vasay between the Russian and Ottoman Empires was signed, ending the Russo-Ottoman War of 1787 - 92.


Prince Bezborodko Koca Yusuf Pasha

The Treaty of Jassy was signed in Jassy, Moldavia. It was signed by Grand Vizier Koca yusaf Pasha and Prince Bezborodka. It confirmed the Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca of 1774. With this the Ottomans had ceded suzerainty over the Crimean Khanate to Russia. Yedisan(between the Dniester and Bug rivers) was transferred to Russia, establishing the Dneister as the Russo-Turkish frontier in Europe. The Ottomans also acknowledged Georgia as a Russian protectorate.

The signing of the peace was heavily influenced by the storming of the Ottoman fortress of Izmail by commander Alexander Vasilyyevich Suvorov-Rymniksky.

1799 - British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger introduced an income tax of two shillings to the pound to raise funds for Great Britain's war effort in the Napoleonic Wars.

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Pitts new graduated(progressive) income tax began at a levy 2 pence in the pound91/120th) on annual incomes over 603 and increaseduup to a maximum of 2 shillings(10%) on annual income over 200#. Pitt hoped the new income tax would;d bring in 10 million pounds but receipts show only 6 million pounds.

Income tax was levied under five schedules :
-Schedule A - tax on income from United Kingdom land.
-Schedule B -tax on commercial occupation of land.
-Schedule C - tax on income from public securities.
-Schedule D - tax on trading income, income from professions and vocations, overseas income and casual income.
-Schedule E - tax on employment income.

1861 - American Civil War ; 'Star of the West" incident occurred near Charleston, South Carolina.

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The Star of the West as an American merchant steamship that was launched in 1852 and scuttled by Conferate forces in 1863. In 1861 , the ship was hired by the Union government to transport military supplies to the U.S. military garrison of Fort Sumter. A battery on Morris Island, South Carolina handled by cadets from the South Carolina Military Academy(now Citadel) fired upon the ship, considered by many scholars to have been the first shots fired in the American Civil War.

The ship was later captured by Confederate forces and used for a variety of purposes such as blockade runner, hospital ship, and finally scuttled in defense of Vicksburg in 1863.

1917 - World War I : The Battle of Rafa was fought near the Egyptian border with Palestine.





The Battle of Rafa was a ballet of the Sinai and Palestinian Campaign of Worl War I that was fought between British forces and the Ottoman Empire. Following the Battle of Romani , ANZAC( Australia and New Zealand) went on the offensive in the Sinai, occupying El Arish. The British began to move supplies in and General Archibald Murray planned for his Egyptian Expeditionary Force to complete the advance across the north of Sinai with an attack on Gaza which would force the Ottomans to abandon their desert bases in the Sinai Peninsula to defend Palestine. the Ottomans were eventually encircled by Australian light horsemen(and camels) New Zealand mounted riflemen and armored cars. by late afternoon the battle was finished.

1951 - Singer, songwriter an musician Joan Baez was born in Staten Island, New York.



Joan Baez is an American folk singer who is one of the biggest names during the revival of folk music in the 1960s,She released her debut album "Joan Baez" in 1960. Later she worked with Bob Dylan, with whom she had a relationship, recording his songs and helping bring his work to greater prominence. In 1969 she performed at Woodstock which further raised her profile.

She is a committed social activist involved in a number of movements. these included civil rights, anti-Vietnam and the War in Iraq. In 1972 she visited Hanoi experiencing a substantial bombing raid,

In 2017 she was inducted into the Rock an Roll Hall of Fame.









1959 - TV western "Rawhide" with Clint Eastwood premieres on CBS.



Rawhide is an American Western television series that aired for eight seasons the CBS Network from January 9 1959 to January 4, 1966 for a total of 217 block and white episodes. As the sixth-longest running Western, the series was produced by Charles Marquis Warren who also produced early episodes of Gunsmoke.

Rawhide is set in the 1860's and dramatizes the challenges faced by the drovers of a cattle drive. Eric Flemming potrayrd gil Favor, the tough trail boss to his younger counterpart Rowdy Yates, Clint Eastwood. After the 1964-!965 season Fleming left to appear in fims. . In 1966 he tragically drowned while shooting on location in Peru.

Other characters included :
=The scout named Pete Nolan(Sheb Wooley)
-The cook named Wishbone(Paul Brinegar)
-the cook's louse Mushy(James Murdock-drovers Jim Quince(Steve Reines) and Scarlet(Rocky Shahan)
-Wrangler Jesus "Hey doos" Patines(Robert Cabal)





1996 - First episode of TV sitcom "Third Rock From the Sun' produced by Bonnie and Terry Turner was screened on CBS.



Third Rock from the Sun it is about four extraterrestrials who are on an expedition to Earth, the third planet from the Sun, which they consider to be a very insignificant planet. The extraterrestrials pose as a human family to observe the behavior of human beings.

Cast of characters :
-Dick Solomon - John Lithgow
-Sally Solomon - Kristen Johnston
-harry Solomon - French Stewart
-Tommy Solomon - Joseph Gordon-Levitt
-Mary Albright - Jane Curtain
-Nina Campbell - Simbi Khali
-Mamie Dubcek - Elmarie Wendel
-Officer Bon Orville - Wayne Knight

 

Black Dahlia Last Alive

1947 Elizabeth "Betty" Short, the Black Dahlia, is last seen alive




Elizabeth Short
(July 29, 1924 – c. January 14–15, 1947), known as the Black Dahlia, was an American woman found murdered in the Leimert Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, on January 15, 1947. Her case became highly publicized owing to the gruesome nature of the crime, which included the mutilation and bisection of her corpse.

A native of Boston, Short spent her early life in New England and Florida before relocating to California, where her father lived. It is commonly held that she was an aspiring actress, though she had no known acting credits or jobs during her time in Los Angeles. Short acquired the nickname of the Black Dahlia posthumously, as newspapers of the period often nicknamed particularly lurid crimes; the term may have originated from the film noir thriller The Blue Dahlia (1946). After the discovery of her body, the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) began an extensive investigation that produced over 150 suspects but yielded no arrests.

Short's unsolved murder and the details surrounding it have had a lasting cultural impact, generating various theories and public speculation. Her life and death have been the basis of numerous books and films, and her murder is frequently cited as one of the most famous unsolved murders in U.S. history, as well as one of the oldest unsolved cases in Los Angeles County. It has likewise been credited by historians as one of the first major crimes in postwar America to capture national attention.